The correct option is Records produced by computer systems are frequently considered hearsay and may be inadmissible unless a proper business record foundation is shown.

This is correct because electronic records are typically out of court statements offered for the truth of the matter asserted and they therefore meet the definition of hearsay unless an exception applies. The common exception relied on is the business records rule which requires a proper foundation that shows the record was made in the regular course of business by a person with knowledge and at or near the time of the event described.

Courts will also look for authentication and evidence of integrity when admitting computer generated records. Demonstrating who created the record how it was generated and how it was maintained helps to establish the business record foundation and to counter hearsay objections.

Maintaining chain of custody in cloud environments is straightforward is incorrect because cloud systems often distribute data across multiple locations and involve third party providers. Those factors make preserving and documenting custody more complex rather than straightforward.

Digital information is always a physical tangible form is incorrect because while data resides on physical media the information itself is not a tangible physical object in the traditional sense. Legal and evidentiary treatment therefore focuses on authentication and reliability rather than assuming it is a simple physical exhibit.

Computer forensics rarely requires expert testimony is incorrect because examiners and courts commonly rely on expert witnesses to explain forensic processes interpret technical metadata and attest to the methods used to collect and preserve evidence. Expert testimony is often necessary to establish admissibility and reliability.

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