The correct answer is that Each server has a separate management network port connected to an independent switch.

This deployment is out of band because it provides a physically separate management path to the servers that does not depend on the production network. A dedicated management port and an independent switch allow access to baseboard controllers and console functions such as power control and serial-over-LAN even when the main network is down. Keeping management traffic isolated also reduces the chance that user traffic or a network outage will block administrative access.

Administrators log in through a bastion host located inside the production VPC is incorrect because a bastion inside the production VPC relies on the same network infrastructure as production systems. If the main network or VPC is unavailable administrators will not have hardware level access.

Technicians use Bluetooth links to perform administrative configuration is incorrect because Bluetooth is not a standard, secure, or scalable method for hardware level out of band management. It lacks the range, reliability, and enterprise management features required for server chassis and BMC access.

All administrative and user traffic shares the same public network is incorrect because that describes an in band model. Sharing the same public network removes the isolation needed to ensure administrative access during network outages or attacks.

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