The correct option is Digital identities for users services and devices.

A Zero Trust control plane depends on treating identity as the primary control and decision point. Securing identities lets you authenticate and authorize every request consistently across users services and devices and it enables centralized policy enforcement and audit logging.

By focusing on identities you can implement strong authentication such as multi factor authentication enforce least privilege through fine grained IAM controls and issue short lived credentials for services and devices. Those measures create the control plane that other protections use to make dynamic access decisions.

VPN gateway configurations are focused on extending network perimeter access and they assume network location implies trust. That model is contrary to Zero Trust which emphasizes per request identity and context rather than implicit network trust.

User behavior analytics can improve detection and response but they are not the foundational control plane. They operate after identity and access controls are in place and they help identify anomalies rather than enforce core access decisions.

Network firewall rules provide important network level segmentation and protection but they are static and network centric. Zero Trust requires identity and context aware access controls to make fine grained decisions beyond what firewall rules alone can provide.

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